Tcl - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Tcl. Paradigmmulti- paradigm: object- oriented, functional, procedural, event- driven programming, imperative. Designed by. John Ousterhout. Developer. John Ousterhout, Tcl Core Team. First appeared. 19. Stable release. 8. It is commonly used for rapid prototyping, scripted applications, GUIs, and testing.
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Tcl is used on embedded systems platforms, both in its full form and in several other small- footprint versions. The combination of Tcl and the Tk. GUI toolkit is referred to as Tcl/Tk. History. Announcement of starkit packaging system. They are written in prefix notation. Commands are commonly variadic. Everything can be dynamically redefined and overridden.
With hundreds of open source libraries, plugins, and apps covering more than a dozen languages and frameworks, it's tough to know where to begin. Here are some popular libraries supporting a wide range of Slack platform.
Actually, there are no keywords, so even control structures can be added or changed, although this is not advisable. All data types can be manipulated as strings, including source code. Internally, variables have types like integer and double, but converting is purely automatic. Variables are not declared, but assigned to. Use of a non- defined variable results in an error. Fully dynamic, class- based object system, Tcl. OO, including advanced features such as meta- classes, filters, and mixins.
Event- driven interface to sockets and files. Time- based and user- defined events are also possible. Variable visibility restricted to lexical (static) scope by default, but uplevel and upvar allowing procs to interact with the enclosing functions' scopes. All commands defined by Tcl itself generate error messages on incorrect usage.
Extensibility, via C, C++, Java, and Tcl. Interpreted language using bytecode. Full Unicode (3. 1) support, first released 1.
Cross- platform: Windows API; Unix, Linux, Macintosh etc. Close, cross- platform integration with windowing (GUI) interface Tk. Multiple distribution mechanisms exist. Full development version (e. Active. State Tcl)tclkit (kind of single- file runtime, only about 2 megabytes in size)starpack (single- file executable of a script/program, derived from the tclkit technology)freewrap. TCLSH turns Tcl scripts into single- file binary executable programs. BSD licenses, freely distributable source.
Tcl did not originally have object oriented (OO) syntax (8. OO system in Tcl core), so OO functionality was provided by extension packages, such as incr Tcl and XOTcl. Even purely scripted OO packages exist, such as Snit and STOOOP (simple Tcl- only object- oriented programming). Safe- Tcl is a subset of Tcl that has restricted features. File system access is limited and arbitrary system commands are prevented from execution.
It uses a dual interpreter model with the untrusted interpreter running code in an untrusted script. It was designed by Nathaniel Borenstein and Marshall Rose to include active messages in e- mail. Safe- Tcl can be included in e- mail when the application/safe- tcl and multipart/enabled- mail are supported. The functionality of Safe- Tcl has since been incorporated as part of the standard Tcl/Tk releases. A command invocation is a list of words separated by whitespace and terminated by a newline or semicolon. The following words are arguments. So we have. command.
Name argument. 1 argument. In bare and double- quoted words, three types of substitution occur (once, in a single left- to- right scan through the word): Command substitution replaces the contents of balanced square brackets with the result of evaluating the script contained inside. Variable substitution replaces a dollar- sign followed by the name of a variable with the contents of the variable.
The variable name may be surrounded in curly braces so as to delimit what is and isn't the variable name in otherwise ambiguous cases. Backslash substitution replaces a backslash followed by a letter with another character. Also, there is no operator or command for string concatenation, as the language concatenates directly. Note that, unlike in Unix command shells, Tcl does not reparse any string unless explicitly directed to do so, which makes interactive use more cumbersome, but scripted use more predictable (e. However, values are immutable and operations that appear to change them actually just return a new value instead.
Basic commands. If used only with one argument, it returns the value of the given variable (it must exist in this case). Tcl script, written as a set of commands. The usual execution control commands are: if: executes given script body (second argument), if the condition (first argument) is satisfied. It can be followed by additional arguments starting from elseif with the alternative condition and body, or else with the complementary block. For while it means to loop again, for for and foreach, pick up the next iteration. Additionally important commands: return: interrupts the execution of the current body no matter how deep inside a procedure, until reaching the procedure boundary, and returns given value to the caller.
Note that the same interpreter is used also for . This is because it was originally written to be a framework for providing a syntactic front- end to commands written in C, and all commands in the language (including things that might otherwise be keywords, such as if or while) are implemented this way. Each command implementation function is passed an array of values that describe the (already substituted) arguments to the command, and is free to interpret those values as it sees fit. Digital logic simulators often include a Tcl scripting interface for simulating Verilog, VHDL and System. Verilog hardware languages. Tools exist (e. g.
SWIG, ffidl) to automatically generate the necessary code to connect arbitrary C functions and the Tcl runtime, and Critcl does the reverse, allowing embedding of arbitrary C code inside a Tcl script and compiling it at runtime into a DLL. Module Files. Commonly used extensions include: Tk. The most popular Tcl extension is the Tk toolkit, which provides a graphical user interface library for a variety of operating systems. Each GUI consists of one or more frames. Each frame has a layout manager. Expect. One of the other very popular Tcl extensions is Expect extension.
The early close relationship of Expect with Tcl is largely responsible for the popularity of Tcl in prolific areas of use such as in Unix testing, where Expect was (and still is today) employed very successfully to automate telnet, ssh, and serial sessions to perform many repetitive tasks (i. Tcl was the only way to run Expect, so Tcl became very popular in these areas of industry. Tile/Ttk. Tile/Ttk. Themes covered in this way are Windows XP, Windows Classic, Qt (that hooks into the X1. KDE environment libraries) and Aqua (Mac OS X). A theme can also be constructed without these calls using widget definitions supplemented with image pixmaps. Themes created this way include Classic Tk, Step, Alt/Revitalized, Plastik and Keramik.
Under Tcl 8. 4, this package is known as Tile, while in Tcl 8. Tk (as Ttk). Tix. Tix, the Tk Interface e.
Xtension, is a set of user interface components that expand the capabilities of Tcl/Tk and Python applications. It is an open source software package maintained by volunteers in the Tix Project Group and released under a BSD- style license. It currently supports drivers for accessing My. SQL, ODBC, Postgre. SQL and SQLite databases. More are planned for the future.
Access to databases is also supported through database- specific extensions, of which there are many available. Tcl Developer Xchange. The Conversations Network.
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Graphical Applications with Tcl & Tk (2nd ed.). New York, N. Y.: M& T Books. Retrieved 4 November 2. Welch, Practical Programming in Tcl and Tk, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA, ISBN 0- 1. J Adrian Zimmer, Tcl/Tk for Programmers, IEEE Computer Society, distributed by John Wiley and Sons, ISBN 0- 8. Mark Harrison and Michael Mc. Lennan, Effective Tcl/Tk Programming, Addison- Wesley, Reading, MA, USA, ISBN 0- 2.
Mark Harrison (ed), Tcl/Tk Tools, O'Reilly Media, ISBN 1- 5. Bert Wheeler, Tcl/Tk 8. Programming Cookbook , Packt Publishing, Birmingham, England, UK, ISBN 1. Wojciech Kocjan, Piotr Beltowski Tcl 8. Network Programming, Packt Publishing, ISBN 1. Clif Flynt Tcl/Tk, Second Edition : A Developer.